Hydrogen Peroxide and Klozur® Persulfate
The four main categories of chemical oxidation technologies are based on the following primary oxidants:
Technologies based on the first three primary oxidants have been in use for years. Chemical oxidation was first demonstrated using hydrogen peroxide; Persulfate is the most recent innovation in this area of soil, rock, and water remediation. Click here for a table presenting a basic comparison of these four oxidants. FMC is the largest hydrogen peroxide manufacturer in the world and the only persulfate manufacturer in North America.
These primary oxidants can be used to destroy organic contaminants with ozone and persulfate more potent then the other two. Broader destruction capability and faster reaction kinetics are possible when the oxidant is converted (or activated) to a highly unstable radical state. This is the case for each oxidant except permanganate. The two primary radicals that are generated from the three oxidants, using various activation techniques, are the hydroxyl radical (from hydrogen peroxide and ozone) and the sulfate radical (from persulfate). From a practical perspective these two radicals represent the most powerful oxidizing agents in environmental remediation.
The hydroxyl radical (OH•) can be created from hydrogen peroxide by contacting the peroxide with transitional metals like iron. The iron can be in soluble form under acidic conditions or in a chelated state under near neutral pH conditions. Ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide can result in OH• generation. Persulfate can be activated to the sulfate radical (SO4•) state via a number of techniques: high pH, heat, hydrogen peroxide (and OH•), and transition metal including chelated iron.
Compared to the other three oxidants, persulfate reacts the least with naturally occurring reduced materials like organic matter and reduced metals and therefore the persulfate natural oxidant demand (NOD - a site specific variable) is typically low. Other than permanganate (which has low reaction kinetics but relatively high NOD) persulfate survives the longest in the subsurface. Considering all of the eight (8) important factors listed below, it is clear that persulfate is the leading oxidant available to the environmental remediation marketplace. * Applicability to a wide range of contaminants * Reaction kinetics * Safety in use * Natural Oxidant Demand (NOD) * Survivability of oxidant in treatment zone * Flexibility in activation to radical state (not applicable to permanganate) * Compatibility with other remediation technologies including monitored natural attenuation * Unit Price, per unit quantity of oxidant Klozur® Persulfate is the FMC remediation grade persulfate and purchase of Klozur persulfate includes the right to use FMC patented, patent-pending, and licensed activation techniques. Contact ChemRem for more information or to order Klozur® Persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, and other FMC products for your project.
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